29 compounds were read against these 4 conditions; 16 produced a graded row. The other 13 are named further down.

The ranking, and the key it uses

Ordered by the best rung the compound holds anywhere in this goal; then by what that study measured; then by how many graded rows it holds here, as a tie-break only; then by name. There is no blended score — one number mixing the rung and what was measured would invent a third scale nothing was graded against. Every rung links to the rubric that assigned it.

1. 01

   Collagen Peptides

   human RCT · direct outcome · 3 graded rows across 3 of 4 conditions

   Wound healing · Soft tissue injury · Joint pain

   3 graded rows, 3 sources

   1. Wound healing

      human RCT Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      adults with stage II or III pressure ulcers, n=120 randomised and 112 completed, oral 10 g/day for 16 weeks

      A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study measured PUSH score, PSST score and wound area in pressure ulcers over 16 weeks; the high-specific-peptide collagen hydrolysate arm differed from placebo. The population is pressure ulcers in long-term care, not diabetic foot ulcers, surgical wounds or burns, and no trial in those populations is on file for this record.

      Source PubMed 1 primary source read for this row

   2. Soft tissue injury

      human RCT Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      adults with chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy, 13 men and 7 women, mean age 44 (SD 8), n=20, 6 months (3 months per phase, crossover)

      Double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial: 2.5 g specific collagen peptides twice daily alongside a bi-daily eccentric calf-strengthening and return-to-running programme. VISA-A improved 12.6 points on the peptide phase against 5.3 on placebo, above the 6.5-point minimal clinically important difference; contrast-enhanced ultrasound microvascularity fell similarly in both phases. The authors describe it as a pilot: n=20, no separate parallel control, and no other tendon or ligament injury has been tested this way.

      Source PubMed Central 2 primary sources read for this row

   3. Joint pain

      human RCT Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      adults aged 40-75 with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence grade I-III), pooled n=507 across 4 randomised placebo-controlled trials; oral hydrolysed collagen peptides 2-10 g daily for 90-180 days

      A meta-analysis of four randomised placebo-controlled trials pooled 100 mm visual analogue scale knee pain scores and reported a standardised mean difference of -0.58 (p = 0.004) favouring oral collagen peptides, graded moderate quality. The joint studied is the knee in osteoarthritis; no trial on file measured hip, hand, shoulder or inflammatory arthritis pain, and collagen peptides are a food ingredient with no regulatory approval for joint pain anywhere.

      Source PubMed Central 1 primary source read for this row

2. 02

   GHK-Cu

   human RCT · direct outcome · 3 graded rows across 3 of 4 conditions

   Wound healing · Soft tissue injury · Fibrosis

   3 graded rows, 3 sources

   1. Wound healing

      human RCT Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      adults with diabetic neuropathic plantar foot ulcers, multicentre, randomised, evaluator-blinded, vehicle-controlled; enrolment number not reported in the abstract

      Graded fresh after the merge of copper-tripeptide-1 and ghk-cu: of the combined citation set, the only source that measured wound closure in humans is Mulder 1994 in Wound Repair and Regeneration, which reported 98.5% median area closure of plantar ulcers under topical GHK-Cu gel against 60.8% for vehicle. The other merged citations are skin-ageing, alopecia and in vitro keratinocyte work and measure nothing about wound closure. A phase 2 split-wound trial of topical GHK-Cu gel in standardised punch-biopsy wounds in healthy adults (NCT07437586, n=60 estimated) is recruiting and has no results on file.

      Source PubMed 2 primary sources read for this row

   2. Soft tissue injury

      animal in vivo Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      rats after unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, n=72 randomised across saline, 0.3 mg/mL and 3 mg/mL, followed to 12 weeks

      Rats, not humans. Weekly intra-articular GHK-Cu injections for 4 weeks from week 2 gave a smaller side-to-side difference in knee laxity at 6 weeks, and higher graft complex stiffness at 0.3 mg/mL, but the effect did not persist after treatment stopped. Route was intra-articular injection into a surgical knee, which is not the topical skin use GHK-Cu is otherwise studied for, and no human ligament or tendon study is on file.

      Source PubMed 1 primary source read for this row

   3. Fibrosis

      animal in vivo Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      C57BL/6J mice, bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (bleomycin 3 mg/kg by tracheal instillation); GHK-Cu 0.2, 2 or 20 mcg/g/day intraperitoneally on alternate days; lung only

      Lung histology and collagen deposition were measured in tissue and were reduced by the copper complex GHK-Cu. A separate mouse study in the same model used uncomplexed GHK, a different molecule, so the two should not be pooled. No human pulmonary fibrosis study of GHK-Cu is on file, and the topical human work on this compound measured skin appearance, not fibrosis.

      Source PubMed 2 primary sources read for this row

3. 03

   Thymosin Beta-4

   human RCT · direct outcome · 3 graded rows across 3 of 4 conditions

   Wound healing · Soft tissue injury · Fibrosis

   3 graded rows, 3 sources

   1. Wound healing

      human RCT Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      adults with a full-thickness pressure ulcer 5-70 cm2 present at least 1 month, n=72, topical, up to 84 days; a parallel trial enrolled n=72 with venous stasis ulcers

      Two completed randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 dose-response trials of topical thymosin beta-4 in chronic ulcers, one in pressure ulcers and one in venous stasis ulcers, each n=72. The registered primary outcome in both was safety and tolerability over 84 days rather than closure, and no results are posted on either registry entry. These are chronic ulcer populations; no trial in acute surgical wounds or burns is on file.

      Source ClinicalTrials.gov 2 primary sources read for this row

   2. Soft tissue injury

      animal in vivo Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      rats with sharply transected medial collateral ligament, 4 weeks; strain and n not reported in the abstract obtained

      Rats, not humans, and full-length thymosin beta-4 rather than the TB-500 fragment: 1 ug of Tb4 in 100 uL fibrin sealant placed in the ligament gap. Healing tissue showed larger collagen fibril diameters on electron microscopy and better biomechanical properties than control at 4 weeks. Thymosin beta-4 is named among growth factors on the WADA prohibited list, so a competing athlete reading this is looking at a banned substance; the human trials that exist are in venous stasis ulcers and ocular surface disease, not musculoskeletal injury.

      Source PubMed 2 primary sources read for this row

   3. Fibrosis

      animal in vivo Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      female C57BL/6 mice, chronic ethanol feeding plus binge ethanol and LPS liver injury model; full-length 43-residue thymosin beta-4, 1 mg/kg intraperitoneally daily for 1 week; liver only

      Liver collagen was measured directly in tissue by Sirius Red staining and hydroxyproline content, both of which fell with treatment. The molecule given was full-length thymosin beta-4, not the 7-residue LKKTETQ fragment sold as TB-500, so this evidence does not transfer to that fragment. No human fibrosis trial of thymosin beta-4 in any organ is on file.

      Source PubMed Central 1 primary source read for this row

4. 04

   LL-37 (Cathelicidin)

   human RCT · direct outcome · 1 graded row across 1 of 4 conditions

   Wound healing

   1 graded row, 1 source

   1. Wound healing

      human RCT Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      adults with hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers, n=34, 3-week open-label placebo run-in then a 4-week randomised double-blind phase, topical 0.5, 1.6 or 3.2 mg/mL twice weekly

      Wound area and healing rate constants were measured directly; the two lower doses healed faster than placebo and the highest dose did not. A separate randomised double-blind trial in a distinct population, diabetic foot ulcers with mild infection (Arch Dermatol Res 2023), measured granulation index and reported faster healing but no change in IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha or aerobic bacterial counts; its enrolment number is not stated in the abstract.

      Source PubMed 2 primary sources read for this row

5. 05

   N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)

   human RCT · direct outcome · 1 graded row across 1 of 4 conditions

   Fibrosis

   1 graded row, 1 source

   1. Fibrosis

      human RCT Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      adults with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and mild-to-moderate lung function impairment, n=264 (acetylcysteine 133, placebo 131), mean age 67, 22% female, 60 weeks; lung only

      PANTHER-IPF measured change in forced vital capacity over 60 weeks and found none: -0.18 L on acetylcysteine versus -0.19 L on placebo (p=0.77), with no difference in mortality. The trial began with a third arm of prednisone, azathioprine and acetylcysteine, which the data and safety monitoring board stopped on 14 October 2011 at a planned interim analysis for increased death and hospitalisation versus placebo. No regulator has approved acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis, and no liver, cardiac or skin fibrosis trial is on file.

      Source PubMed Central 1 primary source read for this row

6. 06

   Semaglutide

   human RCT · direct outcome · 1 graded row across 1 of 4 conditions

   Fibrosis

   1 graded row, 1 source

   1. Fibrosis

      human RCT Direct outcome Approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      adults with biopsy-defined MASH and stage F2-F3 liver fibrosis, n=800 (semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly 534, placebo 266), 72-week interim analysis of the phase 3 ESSENCE trial; liver only

      Both endpoints were read from paired liver biopsies and they are separate results: steatohepatitis resolution with no worsening of fibrosis 62.9% vs 34.3% placebo, and fibrosis improvement with no worsening of steatohepatitis 36.8% vs 22.4% placebo. The FDA granted accelerated approval in August 2025 for non-cirrhotic MASH with moderate to advanced fibrosis (F2-F3); cirrhosis was not studied, and no trial of any other organ's fibrosis is on file.

      Source PubMed Central 2 primary sources read for this row

7. 07

   Cartilage Peptides

   human case series · direct outcome · 1 graded row across 1 of 4 conditions

   Joint pain

   1 graded row, 1 source

   1. Joint pain

      human case series Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      adults with moderate knee joint discomfort and loss of function consistent with osteoarthritis, n=33, 1000 mg fish cartilage hydrolysate orally once daily for 3 months; open-label, no control group

      An exploratory, non-comparative, multi-centre open-label study measured the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and reported improvement in the pain and function subscales. With no placebo arm and no randomisation the improvement cannot be separated from natural course or expectation, and the authors state the result needs confirmation in a randomised controlled trial. The population is knee osteoarthritis only; no data on other joints is on file.

      Source PubMed Central 1 primary source read for this row

8. 08

   BPC-157

   animal in vivo · direct outcome · 2 graded rows across 2 of 4 conditions

   Wound healing · Soft tissue injury

   2 graded rows, 2 sources

   1. Wound healing

      animal in vivo Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      rats, alkali-burn skin wound model, topical application

      Wound closure, re-epithelialisation, granulation tissue and collagen deposition were measured in rats, not humans; the same paper's proliferation, migration and angiogenesis findings are in vitro. No human study measuring wound closure with BPC-157 is on file: the only registered human study (NCT02637284) is a phase 1 safety and pharmacokinetics study in healthy volunteers with no wound endpoint. Every wound-closure figure for this compound is a rodent figure.

      Source PubMed 2 primary sources read for this row

   2. Soft tissue injury

      animal in vivo Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      male albino Wistar rats, 12 weeks old, 6 per group per timepoint, quadriceps myotendinous junction detachment, assessed to 42 days

      Rats, not humans. After surgical detachment of the quadriceps tendon from the muscle, BPC 157 (10 ug/kg or 10 ng/kg intraperitoneally, or in drinking water) improved walking and motor functional indices, joint angles, muscle extensibility on tensiometry and collagen fibre organisation against saline controls; the wider rat literature covers transected Achilles tendon and transected muscle with the same design. The only registered human study of BPC-157 is a phase 1 pharmacokinetic and safety trial in healthy volunteers (NCT02637284, status unknown since 2016) with no injury endpoint, so no human healing-time, imaging or return-to-activity result exists on file.

      Source PubMed Central 3 primary sources read for this row

9. 09

   Carnosic Acid

   animal in vivo · direct outcome · 2 graded rows across 2 of 4 conditions

   Wound healing · Fibrosis

   2 graded rows, 2 sources

   1. Wound healing

      animal in vivo Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      adult mice, cutaneous wound model, including mice lacking TRPA1 in sensory neurons; topical rosemary extract

      Wound healing speed and fibrosis were measured in mice, and the effect was absent in mice lacking sensory-neuron TRPA1. The compound is a rosemary diterpene, not a peptide, despite the record name, and no human wound study is on file.

      Source PubMed 1 primary source read for this row

   2. Fibrosis

      animal in vivo Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

      Who was studied

      male Sprague-Dawley rats, bile-duct-ligation liver fibrosis model, n=8 per group across 5 groups; carnosic acid 30 or 60 mg/kg/day intragastrically for 21 days; liver only

      Liver collagen deposition was measured directly in tissue by Masson staining, with alpha-smooth-muscle actin and collagen 1 protein also reduced. The compound tested is carnosic acid, a rosemary diterpene and not a peptide despite the record's name. No human study in any organ is on file.

      Source PubMed Central 1 primary source read for this row

10. 10

    GHRP-6

    animal in vivo · direct outcome · 2 graded rows across 2 of 4 conditions

    Wound healing · Fibrosis

    2 graded rows, 2 sources

    1. Wound healing

       animal in vivo Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

       Who was studied

       Wistar rats with 6 mm full-thickness excisional dorsal wounds treated topically twice daily for 5 days, and rabbits in the ear hypertrophic-scar model treated daily for 30 days; GHRP-6 at 400 micrograms/mL in a carboxymethylcellulose jelly

       Closure dynamics, histology and histomorphometry were measured directly. Topical GHRP-6 attenuated inflammatory mediators and reduced expression of fibrogenic cytokines, and in the rabbit ear model reduced the appearance of exuberant scars. The same paper reports a clear limit: GHRP-6 showed no effect on reversion of consolidated lesions, so the record supports prevention during healing and not treatment of an established scar. No human wound trial of GHRP-6 is on file. Rung set from the study's own design wording, "rats".

       Source PubMed 1 primary source read for this row

    2. Fibrosis

       animal in vivo Surrogate marker Not approved for this condition

       Who was studied

       the same permanent-ligation infarct rats; interstitial fibrosis and scarring measured histologically at day 7

       Myocardial interstitial fibrosis and scarring were reduced against saline. The measurement is tissue collagen in a rodent heart at one week, not an organ-function outcome in a person with established fibrotic disease, and the fibrosis reported here is a consequence of an experimental infarct rather than an idiopathic fibrotic disease. No human fibrosis study of GHRP-6 is on file. Rung set from the population studied, "rats".

       Source PubMed 1 primary source read for this row

11. 11

    GHK (Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine)

    animal in vivo · direct outcome · 1 graded row across 1 of 4 conditions

    Wound healing

    1 graded row, 1 source

    1. Wound healing

       animal in vivo Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

       Who was studied

       streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats; excision wounds treated with biotinylated GHK incorporated into collagen matrices

       Wound contraction rate, granulation-tissue collagen and skin antioxidant status were measured in diabetic rats, not humans. The copper-free GHK record has no human wound trial on file; the human diabetic-ulcer trial in the corpus used the copper complex, which is a different record.

       Source PubMed 1 primary source read for this row

12. 12

    HGH Frag 176-191

    animal in vivo · direct outcome · 1 graded row across 1 of 4 conditions

    Joint pain

    1 graded row, 1 source

    1. Joint pain

       animal in vivo Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

       Who was studied

       32 mature New Zealand white rabbits with collagenase-induced knee osteoarthritis, in four arms: saline, hyaluronic acid, 0.25 mg AOD9604, and AOD9604 plus hyaluronic acid; weekly ultrasound-guided intra-articular injections for 4-7 weeks, assessed at 8 weeks

       Lameness duration was measured as well as cartilage histology. The lameness period was shortest in the combined AOD9604 and hyaluronic acid group and longest in the saline group; AOD9604 alone did not beat hyaluronic acid alone on either the histological score or the lameness period. The route is intra-articular injection into a rabbit knee, which is not how the compound is sold or used, and there is no human study of it against joint pain. Rung set from the study's own design wording, "rabbits".

       Source PubMed 1 primary source read for this row

13. 13

    Hyaluronic Acid Binding Peptide

    animal in vivo · direct outcome · 1 graded row across 1 of 4 conditions

    Joint pain

    1 graded row, 1 source

    1. Joint pain

       animal in vivo Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

       Who was studied

       Mice with anterior cruciate ligament transection as a model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis, treated intra-articularly with an HA-binding peptide conjugated to 8-arm PEG and a collagen-binding peptide, against saline and against the clinical hyaluronan comparator Orthovisc, in young and aged animals

       Pain was measured directly, by incapacitance and hotplate testing, and was reduced relative to saline; cartilage degeneration by OARSI scoring was also reduced, and in aged mice the peptide-polymer held its effect where the hyaluronan comparator did not. This is a mouse surgical model with no human study on file, and the tested agent is a peptide-polymer conjugate rather than the free peptide. Rung set from the study's own design wording, "in vivo".

       Source PubMed 69 primary sources read for this row

14. 14

    TB-500

    animal in vivo · direct outcome · 1 graded row across 1 of 4 conditions

    Wound healing

    1 graded row, 1 source

    1. Wound healing

       animal in vivo Direct outcome Not approved for this condition

       Who was studied

       db/db diabetic mice and 26-month-old aged mice; full-length thymosin beta-4 and a seven-amino-acid actin-binding-domain peptide, the TB-500 sequence, applied to dermal wounds

       Wound contraction, keratinocyte migration and collagen deposition were measured in diabetic and aged mice, and the seven-residue fragment performed comparably to full-length thymosin beta-4. The human ulcer trials on file used full-length thymosin beta-4, not this fragment, and the only registered human TB-500 study (NCT07487363) is a cardiovascular safety and pharmacokinetics study that measures no wound outcome.

       Source PubMed 2 primary sources read for this row

15. 15

    Angiotensin (1-7)

    animal in vivo · surrogate marker · 1 graded row across 1 of 4 conditions

    Fibrosis

    1 graded row, 1 source

    1. Fibrosis

       animal in vivo Surrogate marker Not approved for this condition

       Who was studied

       male Sprague-Dawley rats, unilateral acid-aspiration lung injury, n=8 treated and n=7 vehicle; angiotensin-(1-7) 300 mcg/kg/day by subcutaneous osmotic mini-pump for 2 weeks; lung only

       Fibrosis was inferred from lung hydroxyproline content, a biochemical collagen assay, which was 649 mcg/lung with angiotensin-(1-7) versus 1117 mcg/lung with vehicle (p=0.006); no histological fibrosis stage and no lung function endpoint was reported. Human trials of angiotensin-(1-7) exist in metastatic sarcoma and in COVID-19, neither of which measured fibrosis, and no human fibrosis trial in any organ is on file.

       Source PubMed Central 1 primary source read for this row

16. 16

    Hexarelin

    animal in vivo · surrogate marker · 1 graded row across 1 of 4 conditions

    Fibrosis

    1 graded row, 1 source

    1. Fibrosis

       animal in vivo Surrogate marker Not approved for this condition

       Who was studied

       mice with acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by instillation of 100 mM hydrochloric acid into the right bronchus, treated with 320 micrograms/kg intraperitoneally before or after the challenge; lung fibrosis assessed at day 14

       Respiratory system compliance improved and total immune cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fell at 24 hours, and at day 14 treated mice showed less pulmonary collagen deposition than vehicle. Collagen deposition in a mouse lung two weeks after a chemical injury is a tissue measurement in an acute-injury model, not a fibrotic-disease outcome, and the authors frame the finding as blunting fibrotic development rather than treating established fibrosis. No human study is on file. Rung set from the study's own design wording, "mice".

       Source PubMed 1 primary source read for this row

Checked, and nothing on file

13 compounds were read against these conditions and produced no gradeable row. They are named here rather than left off, because a list of 16 reads identically whether 16 survived 29 or 16 were all anyone thought of.

1. Angiotensin I on fibrosis

   No rung — nothing on file to grade Not approved for this condition

   The renin-angiotensin system drives fibrosis and is a target for blockade. No study administers angiotensin I with a fibrosis endpoint.

2. C-Max

   No rung — nothing on file to grade

   Checked against wound healing, soft tissue injury, joint pain. No study meeting the rubric was found for any of them.

3. C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) on wound healing

   No rung — nothing on file to grade Not approved for this condition

   Searched and empty. No study administers CNP with a wound outcome.

4. C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) on fibrosis

   No rung — nothing on file to grade Not approved for this condition

   Nothing found. The antifibrotic CNP literature is cell culture and receptor signalling; no study administering CNP to a living animal or human with a fibrosis endpoint was retrieved.

5. C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) on joint pain

   No rung — nothing on file to grade Not approved for this condition

   CNP signals through the natriuretic peptide receptor B on growth-plate chondrocytes, and the CNP analogue vosoritide is licensed for bone growth in achondroplasia. Achondroplasia is not a condition in this corpus, and vosoritide is a separate compound from CNP itself. No study of CNP against joint pain exists.

6. Cartalax

   No rung — nothing on file to grade

   Checked against joint pain. No study meeting the rubric was found for any of them.

7. Endothelin-1 on wound healing

   No rung — nothing on file to grade Not approved for this condition

   Nothing located administering ET-1 with a wound outcome.

8. Endothelin-1 on fibrosis

   No rung — nothing on file to grade Not approved for this condition

   ET-1 promotes fibrosis; that is why endothelin receptor antagonists were trialled in scleroderma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. No study administers ET-1 with a fibrosis outcome, because the expected effect is the wrong direction.

9. Enfuvirtide on wound healing

   No rung — nothing on file to grade Not approved for this condition

   No study has measured a wound-healing endpoint for enfuvirtide. Injection-site reactions are its most common adverse effect and are recorded as harm, not as a healing outcome.

10. Enfuvirtide on fibrosis

    No rung — nothing on file to grade Not approved for this condition

    No study has measured a fibrosis endpoint for enfuvirtide.

11. GHRP-1 on wound healing

    No rung — nothing on file to grade Not approved for this condition

    No trial has used this compound against this condition. The wound and tissue-repair work in this family is GHRP-6, not GHRP-1.

12. GHRP-2 on wound healing

    No rung — nothing on file to grade Not approved for this condition

    No trial has used this compound against this condition; no wound or tissue-repair endpoint was measured in any retrieved GHRP-2 study.

13. IGF-1 on wound healing

    No rung — nothing on file to grade Not approved for this condition

    Human burn and graft-healing trials in this literature administer growth hormone, not IGF-I, and measure IGF-I only as a blood marker of the GH dose (PMID 11898025, PMID 9435411). No human trial gave IGF-I and measured a wound closing.

14. IGF-1 on soft tissue injury

    No rung — nothing on file to grade Not approved for this condition

    No trial has given IGF-I for a tendon, ligament or muscle injury and measured recovery.

15. IGF-1 on joint pain

    No rung — nothing on file to grade Not approved for this condition

    No trial of IGF-I against osteoarthritis or any joint pain was found; a targeted search returned nothing.

16. KPV

    No rung — nothing on file to grade

    Checked against wound healing. No study meeting the rubric was found for any of them.

17. Relaxin

    No rung — nothing on file to grade

    Checked against fibrosis. No study meeting the rubric was found for any of them.

18. Simonson Alpha 1

    No rung — nothing on file to grade

    Checked against wound healing, soft tissue injury, joint pain. No study meeting the rubric was found for any of them.

19. Vasopressin on wound healing

    No rung — nothing on file to grade Not approved for this condition

    No study located. Vasopressin is used in surgery to reduce field bleeding, which is a haemostatic effect during the operation, not a healing outcome.

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