Thymosin alpha-1

Mechanism

Enhances T-cell function, upregulates MHC, and rebalances Th1/Th2 signaling.

Reported effects

What sources associate with this compound. Reported categories, not outcomes we have graded — each would need its own citation and rung.

• Infection-frequency reduction
• Viral recovery support
• Energy improvement

Figures

Every figure below is replotted by this site from values published in the cited paper's text or tables — the numbers are the study's, the drawing is ours, and the evidence rung on each image is the rung of its source.

Reconstitution

mass ÷ diluent = concentration; dose ÷ concentration = volume; volume × the syringe factor = units on the barrel (100 for U-100, 40 for U-40). Run your own numbers.

Half-life, storage & sport

Elimination half-life

approximately 2 hours (human, SC) — study. PK of thymosin alpha1 after SC injection of three formulations in healthy volunteers.

Storage

Lyophilised: 2-8C (Zadaxin lyophilized vials). Reconstituted: Use immediately after reconstitution with 1 mL sterile water for injection (provided diluent). — source. Zadaxin (thymalfasin) prescribing information, SciClone.

In sport (WADA 2026)

not recorded as a yes or no — not named; S0 turns on jurisdiction at all times if S0 applies the list Only thymosin-beta4 is named (S2.3). Thymosin alpha-1 is an immunomodulator, not a growth factor, and is an approved medicine (Zadaxin) in several countries, which would take it out of S0. Status not determinable from the list text alone; check GlobalDRO for the athlete's jurisdiction.

The half-life on file is 2 h, measured subcutaneously. On the schedule this record states — daily — each dose has fallen to under 0.1% of its own peak by the time the next is given. Nothing accumulates, and there is no loading phase to run.

The rise is not modelled and the axis is not a blood level. No absorption rate constant and no volume of distribution are on file, so each dose appears at full height the instant it is given, and the axis is percent of this compound's own peak.

Reported adverse effects

• Injection site reactions

  Common (1-10%)onset: Immediatereported reversible

Literature on file 10

• animal in vivo
  Thymosin Alpha 1 (2007, cited 41x) graded on: an animal model — read from the indexed abstract — “rats”
• animal in vivo
  Thymosin Alpha-1 Restores Chemotherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity by Chaperoning a MicroRNA Ligand of TLR7 in Dendritic Cells. graded on: an animal model — read from the indexed abstract — “mice”
• in vitro
  Thymosin α1 Augments CD8⁺ T-Cell Activation and Reverses Exhaustion In Vitro. graded on: an in-vitro system — “In Vitro”
• human case series
  A Case Report of a Multisystemic Immune-Related Adverse Event Caused by Sintilimab in Combination With Thymosin Alpha-1. graded on: a case report or series — “Case Report”
• human RCT
  NCT00911443: A Phase II, Multicentre, Open, Randomised, Dose Ranging Study to Investigate the Efficacy of Combination Therapy Containing Dacarbazine (DTIC) Plus Low Dose Interferon Alpha (aIFN) Plus Thymosin a1 Versus Both DTIC Plus Thymosin a1 and DTIC Plus aIFN in Patients With Advanced -Stage Metastatic Malignant Melanoma graded on: a randomised study — “Randomised, Dose Ranging Study”
• human observational
  NCT04428008: A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Ta1) to Prevent COVID-19 Infection in Renal Dialysis Patients graded on: a registered clinical study — “clinicaltrials.gov”

Not graded

4 citations whose study design could not be read from the title. Left ungraded rather than guessed at.

• not graded
  Peptide Therapies in Thyroid Health: Emerging Applications in Endocrine and Immune Modulation.
• not graded
  NCT00039962: Thymosin Plus PEG-Interferon in Hepatitis C Patients With Cirrhosis Who Did Not Respond to Interferon or Interferon Plus Ribavirin graded on: NCT00039962 is completed and has posted no results - a registration, not a reported outcome — “NCT00039962”
• not graded
  NCT00040027: Thymosin Plus PEG-Interferon in Non-Cirrhotic Hepatitis C Patients Who Did Not Respond to Interferon or Interferon Plus Ribavirin graded on: NCT00040027 is completed and has posted no results - a registration, not a reported outcome — “NCT00040027”
• not graded
  NCT01178996: A Phase III, Multicentre, Double Blinded Study In Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Who Are Non-Responders To Prior Peginterferon Alpha + Ribavirin Therapy Comparing Treatment With Thymosin Alpha 1 + Peginterferon Alpha-2a Plus Ribavirin With Peginterferon Alpha-2a + Ribavirin + Placebo graded on: NCT01178996 is completed and has posted no results - a registration, not a reported outcome — “NCT01178996”

What is circulated not evidence 6

Claims passed around in community guides and vendor copy, recorded because they circulate — not because they are true. Each is shown with the page it was read from and what this record actually holds. Checked 2026-08-24.

• unverified community data dose ubiquitous contradicts the record

  The community protocol is 1.5 mg subcutaneously each morning, five days on and two days off, in eight-week cycles — described in the same source as sharply higher weekly exposure than the clinical regimen of 1.6 mg twice weekly.

  1.5 mg subcutaneous in the morning, 5 days on / 2 days off, for 8-week cycles

  On the record The record holds 1.6 mg daily, with a cycle of 12 to 24 weeks, and marks it unverified. Its own figure is the clinical per-dose amount attached to a daily frequency the trials did not use: the hepatitis B regimen was 1.6 mg twice weekly. So the record and the community have made the same substitution, roughly tripling weekly exposure relative to the studied schedule, and the record does not flag it.

  Source 1 · Source 2

• unverified community data titration common nothing on file either way

  The five-on, two-off pattern is justified by receptor rest and avoidance of desensitisation.

  1.5 mg subcutaneous in the morning, 5 days on / 2 days off, for 8-week cycles

  On the record Not on file. The record holds no receptor pharmacology, no desensitisation data and no weekly pattern; the only schedule information it holds is a cycle of 12 to 24 weeks.

  Source 1

• unverified community data side effect common nothing on file either way

  The compound is presented as exceptionally safe, with claims of no dose-limiting toxicity across more than thirty clinical trials and no significant organ toxicity in over eleven thousand subjects.

  No dose-limiting toxicities identified across 30+ clinical trials

  On the record The record holds one side-effect row, injection site reactions, and grades the compound at the human randomised-trial rung on a single randomised study. No trial count, no subject total and no toxicity finding is on file. A specific safety number is circulating that the record cannot corroborate or refute.

  Source 1

• unverified community data storage common contradicts the record

  Reconstituted vials are said to keep for 28 days refrigerated.

  Refrigerate reconstituted vials between 2–8°C; discard within 28 days of reconstitution.

  On the record The record holds 'Use immediately after reconstitution with 1 mL sterile water for injection (provided diluent)'. That is a licensed-product instruction, and the circulated 28 days contradicts it outright. This is the sharpest storage disagreement in this slice.

  Source 1

• unverified community data storage common contradicts the record

  The reconstitution recipe circulated is a 10 mg vial in 2 mL of bacteriostatic water giving 5 mg/mL, with 1.5 mg read as 30 units on a U-100 syringe.

  A 10 mg vial mixed with 2 mL bacteriostatic water yields 5 mg/mL; the 1.5 mg dose equals 30 units on a U-100 insulin syringe.

  On the record The record holds no reconstitution recipe for thymosin alpha-1. Its storage entry specifies 1 mL of sterile water with a provided diluent, which is a different diluent and a different volume from the recipe in circulation.

  Source 1

• unverified community data titration common contradicts the record

  Courses of six to twelve months at 1.6 mg twice weekly are cited from the hepatitis and infectious-disease literature as the validated regimen.

  1.6 mg twice weekly for 6-12 months

  On the record The record holds a cycle of 12 to 24 weeks, which is three to six months — half the circulated clinical course at both ends. The twice-weekly frequency that goes with it is absent from the record.

  Source 1 · Source 2

Identity

PubChem CID 16130571 computed 3D conformer

Skeletal formulathe canonical depiction

Drawn by PubChem from CID 16130571, the identifier on this record.

Molecular weight

3108.3

Molecular formula

C129H215N33O55

CAS number

62304-98-7

PubChem CID

16130571

UniProt

P06454

InChI key

NZVYCXVTEHPMHE-ZSUJOUNUSA-N

Sequence

SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVVEEAEN

SMILES

CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)C

InChI

InChI=1S/C129H215N33O55/c1-18-59(10)98(159-114(201)76(36-42-91(181)182)146-120(207)83(53-164)154-121(208)84(54-165)155-127(214)99(63(14)166)160-118(205)80(51-94(187)188)152-123(210)95(56(4)5)156-104(191)62(13)135-102(189)60(11)137-115(202)78(49-92(183)184)151-119(206)82(52-163)138-66(17)169)125(212)161-101(65(16)168)128(215)162-100(64(15)167)126(213)147-70(30-22-26-46-133)109(196)150-79(50-93(185)186)117(204)149-77(47-55(2)3)116(203)142-69(29-21-25-45-132)108(195)144-73(33-39-88(175)176)110(197)141-67(27-19-23-43-130)106(193)140-68(28-20-24-44-131)107(194)145-75(35-41-90(179)180)113(200)157-97(58(8)9)124(211)158-96(57(6)7)122(209)148-74(34-40-89(177)178)111(198)143-71(31-37-86(171)172)105(192)136-61(12)103(190)139-72(32-38-87(173)174)112(199)153-81(129(216)217)48-85(134)170/h55-65,67-84,95-101,163-168H,18-54,130-133H2,1-17H3,(H2,134,170)(H,135,189)(H,136,192)(H,137,202)(H,138,169)(H,139,190)(H,140,193)(H,141,197)(H,142,203)(H,143,198)(H,144,195)(H,145,194)(H,146,207)(H,147,213)(H,148,209)(H,149,204)(H,150,196)(H,151,206)(H,152,210)(H,153,199)(H,154,208)(H,155,214)(H,156,191)(H,157,200)(H,158,211)(H,159,201)(H,160,205)(H,161,212)(H,162,215)(H,171,172)(H,173,174)(H,175,176)(H,177,178)(H,179,180)(H,181,182)(H,183,184)(H,185,186)(H,187,188)(H,216,217)/t59-,60-,61-,62-,63+,64+,65+,67-,68-,69-,70-,71-,72-,73-,74-,75-,76-,77-,78-,79-,80-,81-,82-,83-,84-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-/m0/s1

Classified as

Subcutaneousroute

This is the route the reconstitution arithmetic assumes. Mass divided by diluent volume gives concentration, dose divided by concentration gives volume, and volume in mL multiplied by 100 gives units on a U-100 barrel: 5 mg in 2 mL is 2.5 mg/mL, and 0.25 mg comes out at 0.1 mL, which is 10 units.

Also called

• Thymosin alpha-1
• ta 1

Listed prices 206

What 142 shops we track listed for Thymosin alpha-1, read from their own public catalogues on 2026-09-14. We take no commission on these and they are not ranked by any payment — how vendors are scored.

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